There are some bad SEO hosting providers out there that often offer PBN hosting for dirt low prices. I always get asked this question. From my personal finding, I tried reverse engineer a PBN of my network hosted on EBN, and interestingly, I figured that all sites hosted on those IPs are PBNs and they are extremely obvious, that is basically like handing the golden plate to Google manual reviewers. It's a service that hosts multiple websites or blogs under one umbrella, providing a secure and hidden network for SEO purposes. It could end up causing more harm to your site in the long term. Most penalized websites aren t the use of real, personal PBNs. Forums. It may seem like it can lead to success quickly. Your website will get a backlink from PBN for a specified time, and the link will be removed after that. This is your website right here. . 17K READS Private Blog Networks, or PBNs, can either be a useful tool in your efforts to rank a website or an immoral tactic on par with terrorism, depending on who you ask. A Private Blog Network (PBN) is a network of blogs owned by the same individual or organization. Live feed New posts Search forums. They also have an option to sell PBN links to other website owners for extra profit. If we select one of the objects at random and inspect it for particular features, then this process is known as sampling. You can organize all of your sites on one managed hosting platform with EBN. (See what is PBN backlinks for more details. SEO is the practice of optimizing the content and structure of a website to improve its visibility in search results. They made a great deal of tumult in the SEO business and many individuals think PBN domain. PBNs. Fawadyk1 100% (3,655) 55 Order Now Order $399 featured. Obviously they carry risks but plenty of people and companies use them. website, you will need to create backlinks. 8 Ways To Detect Bad Backlinks for SEO. Green Living Blog. With Yoast SEO, you can access and configure the robots. The links created through this singular moving exchange boost the central website’s authority, improving the website’s ranking — that is, until they are caught by Google and penalized for unethical techniques, and all those. What's new. net offer unique IP. On the other hand, PBN backlinking is a risky affair that puts your risk at risk of penalties. If you build PBN links and they are discovered, it could result in a manual penalty against your website. Step 1. The risks of. Controlled by 1 person or SEO agency (Usually). Will rankings drop on discontinuation of service. It is extremely important. 1. This means that the more backlinks your website has, the more traffic it’ll get. With a PBN you have an asset that can be used very effectively. Hosting do. Link Detox Pro. PBN hosting on the best cloud hosting providers. Situation B. That’s on Amazon S3 – used by many large companies. PBNs are a shortcut method to get high-quality backlinks in large quantities without having to perform the tedious tasks typically done for link building. Only most people don’t. Black Hat SEO. PBNs. How PBNs work. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Learn what PBN link building is, its potential risks, and why it's widely frowned upon in the realm of SEO and discover alternative strategies. Client Who use the SPAM PBN Service. A private blog network (PBN) (also referred to as a link farm)is a group of websites that are used to link to a main website in an attempt to boost the main website's search engine ranking[1]. I have tracked every link and can say with certainty that the link is the cause. Here’s an example of just one part of a backlink profile from an ahrefs backlinking report. ). September 29, 2023 . To learn how to create PBN links, check this guide and watch the below video as well. What's new. Highly anticipated documentary MILKED has finally arrived, and can be watched now via Plant Based News. High bounce rate, low time. 5. There are some bad SEO hosting providers out there that often offer PBN hosting for dirt low prices. Doesn't work like that Neg seo does. Hosting. What are. com. These link networks can be massive and mean building multiple topically relevant sites solely to link to one another. In fact, Google has stated that you should avoid “duplicate or near. The PBN links have many other links to other. 1. It's very easy to create negative SEO PBN's that look okay on surface but will clearly do a lot of negative SEO on your site. which may be swiped by Google easily. PBN backlinks are bad news for your SEO and can actually harm your website ranking. 3. Garbage Text. You can buy PBN links if you need a quick boost for your SEO work however best is to build your own blogs and scale the blogs and make more out the blogs. Most good links are sooo expensive (and hard to find for tiny websites) that it's usually cheaper to reach out to actual niche magazines etc. ️ If you own the PBN, the links are free. PBN Pilot. Does PBN still works?. The simple explanation behind this is that backlinks positively influence Google’s PageRank (a score Google calculates and assigns to individual websites). Optimizing for click through rates. But what happens when the owners of those sites start doing some bad SEO? You end up with a link from a bad neighbourhood &/or low-quality website. However, the issue with them is that the spaces on their server are very close to each other and full of other people's PBNs… Meaning it's pretty easy for Google just to de-index their entire server. 3. This works, but not as well as it did a decade ago. 1. However, if a PBN SEO specialist does a poor job, it can have a devastating effect. Using CloudBoss, you can set up very cheap PBN hosting for about $0. Typically, gray hat/black hat SEOs that implement PBNs go through a process of acquiring recently expired domains that have third-party external links, and putting fresh, relevant content on them, in the hopes that this will. Hi, I bought around 50 PBN links for my website in Jan and they showed their effect and increased traffic from nil to around 5000 per month. Black hat SEO violates Google’s webmaster guidelines and can be severely harmful to your website’s long-term ranking health if it is discovered. Black Hat SEO . Private blog networks (PBNs) are made up of many websites you own linked together to manipulate search engine rankings. domains: google can find out all. From podcasts to local and affiliate case studies to in-depth SEO guides, we are committed to helping our clients and. They offer WordPress, WooCommerce, VPS, and reseller web hosting. Is it neccesary to continue with PBN links as they are subscription based or I can remove them. Private Blog Network หรือ PBN คือ เครือข่ายบล็อกส่วนตัวที่ถูกสร้างขึ้นมาเพื่อทำ Backlink ให้กับเว็บไซต์หลักของเราเอง ถือเป็นหนึ่งในกระบวนการทำ Off-Page SEO. Create an article outline. Navigating the blurry lines between white, grey and black-hat can. PBN backlinks are joins worked from an organization of exclusive sites to another webpage. Whether an IP address is shared with another PBN site or not your hosting matters. PBN backlinks are viewed as spammy and unnatural by Google. A PBN is a network of websites that are owned by the same person or group of people and are used to create backlinks to other websites. What is PBN? Full Guide on Low-Quality Backlinks. ). The benefits of building a PBN. 205 is the C-block of that. PBNs offer an expedited path to elevate your website’s visibility on search engines. But before I get much further, let me. These are bad news. Media. Read more related information in the article What Are Bad Links? Step 3: Defining Drops’ Thematics. Private Blog Networks (PBNs) are networks of websites created to provide backlinks that improve the authority of your money site. You can get an SEO service from someone who is using a PBN for probably half the cost of someone who’s doing it the correct way. Law Firm SEO – How To Find The Best Law Firm SEO Expert. Private blog networks (PBNs) are made up of many websites you own linked together to manipulate search engine rankings. PBN or Private Blog Network refer to a collection of several sites belonging to the same owner and used primarily for transferring the SEO juice or building authority for a specific site (s). htaccess file with a list of bad bots, making it easy to keep your site protected from harmful bots. Home. Would purchasing PBN's for niche as well as a high quality guest post be wise? Are PBN's dead and only harm the site? I have seen many negative things about PBN but it seems like an effective way to get results. The very writing of articles and linking between sites is a clear indication of PBN usage. 81. Note the words that are in italics – user-centric, informational content. I put my commitment to work. After all, everyone creates PBN to get backlinks. Even with aged domains, different IPs, different PRs, they dont seem natural to me and google will eventually catch up on it. I have inherited a 150 website "PBN" that are all hosted on the same server. These sites are generally owned by the same individual, who’s using them all to create links to their money site. Apr 2017 - Present6 years 7 months. Different SEOs have different approaches when it comes to setting up a Private Blog Network. but if correctly executed it is the black death of the bad seo. . On the one hand, PBN backlinks provide a seemingly effortless link-building alternative. By building up the authority of multiple sites and then linking to the primary website, PBN users hope to manipulate the search engine rankings of the primary website (aka the “money. To summarise, PBN links are not necessarily a bad thing if you are building directly from a website that is relevant and looks fairly natural. PBN Backlink Rentals Some Black-Hat SEO sellers also “rent out” the backlinks. Every major brand owns multiple websites beyond their primary. It depends on your strategy and budget mainly. Hosting all PBN's on Digitalocean, Bad idea? Thread starter Niffo; Start date Feb 23, 2022; Tags 2022 pbn Feb 23, 2022 #1 Niffo Junior Member. Can I use English (PBN) backlinks for non-English money site? Well, I guess you can. Private blog networks are expensive to build. Opening Hours Monday to Friday - 09:30 - 17:30 It has nothing to do with the pbn link. Private Blog Networks (PBNs) are networks of websites created to provide backlinks that improve the authority of your money site. Step 1. Each website. However, in many cases even a few links is fine (if they are super niche specific or eprhaps there are 2 strong links from an Authority Domain like CNN or Wikipedia). They also afford you the ability to scale both client and affiliate businesses. 1. PBN backlinks can be both good and bad for SEO, depending on how you use them. 1 Onpage SEO Technical SEO & Recommendation 2 Details Bad Backl. Each circle represents a website, and each arrow represents a pair of hyperlinks between two websites. Unfortunately, many of them weasel their way into the search engine’s top spots without tripping any wires (at least not yet). 2. What are Low-Quality Backlinks? Low-quality backlinks will always hurt your site. 4 Ways to Leverage Expired Domains. However, the issue with them is that the spaces on their server are very close to each other and full of other people's PBNs… Meaning it's pretty easy for Google just to de-index their entire server. A subdomain is an addition made to a URL string to separate and organize content on a website. Paste the website you are curious if they are using the PBN link or not in the "Domain Overview" section. Quicky & easy setup on the most popular. If you competitors have crappy spun backlinks, then you need to find better links. Ok, my sites went to page 3 or 4 for low competition kws, but thats it. + Follow. " But, on the other hand they tell us that although it shouldn't be a problem, it's not a bad idea to disavow any spam links you find pointing to your site even if you didn't make them. And with 25-30% of the web being duplicate content, it’s useful to know how to avoid and fix such issues. 2. No matter how solid and safe the PBN site might feel to you, if you’re really concerned about reconditioning it for proper, white hat SEO going forward, you need to make a clean break with the past. Now that you know all about PBNs, hopefully, you’ll steer clear of them and focus on more effective SEO strategies. Doesn't work like that Neg seo does work, but it's difficult and requires consistent effort and 1000's of links. The Problem Report (PR) Search ( prsearch. All these years i have done my seo for money sites based on links building from threads i found here. New posts New media New media comments Latest activity. Black Hat SEO. Domains: 15 x $15 (Domain Registration) = $225. Waymond Wang a list of 2 images TV Pun Intended a list of 27 titles. This is something I hear all the time, mostly from people who take public statements from Google as gospel. TextOptimizer For Your SEO Content [2023 Review] What Is TextOptimizer? SEO TextOptimizer is a tool that helps you optimize your…. Our thorough and conscious approach has proven to be successful in. You can link to whatever you like, but it’s best to link to the things on your website that you care about the most. This tool will automatically update your . Low Quality of Content. However, as previously stated, there are several hazards associated with employing PBN backlinks in your SEO (Search Engine Optimization) attempts to boost your website’s ranks. PBNs are often used in black hat SEO and are considered to be a form of spamming by search engines. ”. Search titles only By: Search Advanced search…A PBN is a network of websites used to build links (and therefore pass authority) to a single website for the purpose of manipulating search engine rankings. Berikut penjelasannya: Baca juga: 10 Kesalahan Blogger Pemula yang Sering Terjadi. Honestly, using CF is actually safer than using SEO hosting. As you discovered, PBN backlinks are used to manipulate search engine rankings by passing PageRank from a high domain authority site to a single website that needs a boost in traffic. Membeli Expired Domain. 3. Partnerships. What is PBN all about and why do SEOs use private blog networks?SEO experts have highly divergent opinions on whether PBNs are good or not, but you can follow the guide on this expansive tutorial on what PBN actually mean and how to create a great network of blogs. The Green living blog is one of the best privately owned and managed blogs by ClickDo. 1. Link Detox Pro can detect bad links, link farms, and link networks. You can also Cloudways to host your PBNs. On a good PBN you should be looking to spend per domain. AI firm’s board said Altman was ‘not consistently candid in his communications with the board’ and had lost its confidence Sam Altman, the chief. Forums. They also have an option to sell PBN links to other website owners for extra profit. Understand the role of meta descriptions. Here are few changes you can make to get SEO boost to your website. 15 per month for a very low traffic SEO/PBN site. This is your website right here. But getting your PBN de-indexed can severely affect your website’s visibility and rankings. 2,942. Building a link profile is a must for the SEO promotion of your product. It could end up causing more harm to your site in the long term. Typically, gray hat/black hat SEOs that implement PBNs go through a process of acquiring recently expired domains that have third-party external links, and putting fresh, relevant content on them, in the hopes that this will give. SEO Expert (Specialize. So, for seo I tried buying bulk links about 5 years back. Also, we know it, many SEO-s do nothing but make money. If you’re using auctions, it’s going. Therefore, learning the Do’s and Don’ts of PBN SEO is something that will interest anyone who is into the SEO game! How PBN SEO has Evolved! Formerly, SEOs engage in buying and rebuilding of aged domains (expired domains) for PBNs in a move to have absolute control of link building. Build 120 Homepage Gambling PBN - 2022 SEO Package FOR GAMBLING WEB. Through experiments, after about 14 days I noticed a drop in the ranking of bad domains and this domain had no negative impact in the experiment, which is why I used it. PBNs work by creating a. Follow our guide to optimizing for featured snippets to learn more about how you can implement these in your writing. The terms are often mixed up here, some sellers offer high quality PBN posts disguised as guest post. A PBN is often a key component of an SEO strategy in high-demand sectors where you need an extra push to get ahead and stay. PBN Hosting. juniper. Click on “Links. . PBN ( Private Blog Network) adalah sebuah teknik SEO berupa pembuatan jaringan yang berisi beberapa website yang dikelola oleh satu orang yang sama. Blocking bad bots is an important step in protecting your website from malicious attacks. Easy Blog Networks (EBN) Another great PBN hosting option we really like is the guys and gals over at Easy Blog Networks. PBN Sites Examples – List Of Best Blogs. After you see the links, just recognize the PBN. Why having two websites is bad for SEO? Having two websites can negatively impact your search engine optimization (SEO) efforts. ” My definition of a private blog network is…. Reaction score. Black Hat SEO. There’s a reason Google removed them from the list of legitimate SEO practices years ago. The first version of PBN was created by SEO specialists back in 1999 for site optimization in the search system Inktomi. Please keep in mind that we are not providing SEO service. Sisyphus: The Myth episode 16 starts to replay events from a different perspective to bring an emotionally charged ending. Setup:What is a Backlink SEO. And so a PBN network will only be as good – or as bad – as its owner. Anchor text — or link text — is the visible, clickable text of a link. Sponsored Links;Get free, instant access to our SEO video course, 120 SEO Tips, ChatGPT SEO Course, 999+ make money online ideas and get a 30 minute SEO consultation!. Thread starter ranga; Start date. 12,976. Blueskyforjulie • 1 mo. As with everything in the SEO industry, the quality of the results will directly depend on the expertise of the seller or service provider. Improved Korean Client’s Site’s Technical SEO to Rank for Money Keywords. The reputation from back then lingers on, but don’t be swayed by it. You can also get spammy links to your website unintentionally. Pengguna yang aktif ngeblog tentu tidak asing dengan istilah PBN. About Us. One of the major disadvantages is the cost of developing and maintaining a network. Link farms, automated software, and PBNs are widely used for generating numerous bad links. The Best PBN services are given Below: 1. We walk you through what SEO private blog networks are, what to avoid, and what to look for, and why you could be taking a risk if you go with an SEO firm that uses. Strong niche domains going into 5 figures. This morning one of my sites drop to no. All ranking with just a handful of PBN links from some sites that don’t even look real but have a super high authority score. However, not all backlinks are created equal. I provided my services to many companies as Off page Seo, and guest posting. How to Build a PBN. The purpose of a PBN is to create backlinks to a money site (a site that you want to. Are you looking for creative and legitimate SEO strategies to get your website ranking higher in search engine results pages (SERPs)? In this article, we'll discuss whether or not beginners should use private blog networks as part of their SEO strategy and provide tips on how they can safely make use of this tactic. Using a 301 redirect like PBN. By building up the authority of multiple sites and then linking to the primary website, PBN users hope to manipulate the search engine rankings of the primary website (aka the “money. Link farming is a black hat SEO technique to increase a website’s backlinks catalog. Google’s algorithms are constantly evolving to detect sites that are engaging in manipulative SEO. Fast SEO results and ranking. Cara Membuat PBN (Private Blog Network) Berikut adalah beberapa cara membuat PBN yang dapat Anda lakukan, yaitu: 1. Now, I will not comment on what others do. A Private Blog Network, or PBN, is a network of websites used for link building to increase the rankings of your money sites in SERPS. #4 No registres todos. htaccess the other day and took 1/2 the site offline. Other services who claim to use Cloud Hosting Providers actually create a huge footprint as they are using VPS servers, which means your PBN is hosted on an IP address which only consists of PBNs and creates a bad IP neighborhood. These sites are used to create backlinks to other websites in order to increase their visibility and rankings on search engine result pages (SERPs). Some websites can use "black hat" techniques more than 5 years without any problem. Google algorithms rank it higher among results pages (SERPs). Description. What happens is this. Sampling With And Without Replacement Suppose we have a large group of objects. Building Strong PBN . Presto! A PBN! Seriously, OP, if you're going to build a PBN, please do yourself a favor and do some research first. P in PBN means PRIVATE, not public. With CloudFlare, you can protect your website against malicious visitors, save bandwidth and reduce average page load times. Anybody who says they don't use PBN's is either lying, or they're just ignorant. 1 question i do have though. How to use Cloudflare properly on PBN ? Thread starter vikiendu; Start date Nov 22, 2015; Nov 22, 2015 #1 vikiendu. This scheme is similar to a link wheel or link pyramid, as it involves several different websites all linking to one another or to one central website. Here are Google’s guidelines on “link schemes. Find all the videos of the SEO Fu. If you use domain providers, the costs are. Welcome! Buy This SEO Package Now! One of Top SEO Packages on The Internet! Are you looking for a super quality SEO service? You've come to the right place. PBN (private blog network) is a term used to describe a particular black-hat type of website (or group of websites), built purely to place links on with no regard for human readers. Everything sounds bad about this approach, right? 5. . Their flagship supplements, In Focus and Flight, are made to sustain athletic performance, energize you and help your mental stamina. PBN hosting stands for Private Blog Network hosting. In this post, we’ll discuss the outdated SEO and marketing tactics that you should remove from your marketing playbook. What defines black, gray, and white hat strategies. But now,ranking is also coming down slowly. I see guides on how to build PBN's. Thankfully, this isn’t true—but duplicate content can still cause SEO issues. The 301 part refers to the HTTP status code of the redirected page. While you might have heard that PBNs are scams that won’t help your SEO, that claim is only partly true. The bad: Slight learning curve dealing with filters. A Private Blog Network (PBN) is a collection of websites owned by a single person. Bad SEO, is your current SEO Company failing your business? Sometimes bad SEO or failed SEO can be hard to recover from. know look at your way of thinking , stright away your using two ip address that are on the same ip class , that stright away a pbn indication to google it a pbn. This topic is a nuanced one, so it pays to learn more about the individual components, but for the average optimizer, PBNs simply aren’t worth the time or money. If you could tank a page with 1 pbn link then neg seo would be RIFE. Currently, Manuela Willbold manages the blog and does content publishing. This makes it appear like hundreds or even thousands of independent websites run by one person. Private blog networks are expensive to build. Di bawah ini merupakan daftar manfaat yang bisa Anda dapatkan jika memiliki PBN backlink: Bisa menaikkan rangking website pada kata kunci tertentu; PBN bisa digunakan untuk. 1 on 1 Chad PBN Training - Chad Kimball Download. This technique is often used to trick search engines like Google to boost rankings. It is an SEO strategy that can improve your search positions. PBN (Private Blog Network) là một mạng lưới các trang web được sử dụng để xây dựng các liên kết chất lượng, sạch và mạnh để trỏ đến website mà bạn cần SEO. ️ PBNs are an easy way to generate backlinks to your website. And the fact that they are able to control the exact. Hi everyone, My question is do toxic backlinks going to a 404 page significantly affect SEO performance? Context: We had a bad affiliate that got our site added to a toxic PBN network. . PBN juga dianggap dapat menghasilkan backlink yang bisa memberi dampak positif. Good link text tells the reader what to expect if they click on the link. In the vast world of SEO, PBN-Link zeroes in on what they do best: delivering top-notch PBN links. . The first is the most common, using the user agent of the bot to block it. Black Hat SEO. You can write the content yourself, hire an SEO agency or freelance SEO content writer to produce content on a schedule as needed, or you can try. If the object is put to one side, we call it sampling. 30-second summary: Private Blog Networks (PBNs) are a huge part of the SEO industry and wh ilst getting backlinks is still a key driver in the Google search algorithm, PBNs will always be the source of debate and interest amongst SEO practitioners. 9/post draco niche pbn links - da 50+ - rd upto 1000+ - dr 10+ ii ssl blogs at 30$ / post metaserp guest post link 2023 - traffic upto 100k ii dr 30+ ii rd 1000+ at best prices Buy PBN Links. A PBN is often a key component of an SEO strategy in high-demand sectors where you need an extra push to get ahead and stay there. Build the site on domain. . In an idea world, all SEOs would like to say - with hand on heart - that they only ever use white-hat SEO tactics and won’t go near the mirky and sinister world of black-hat SEO. . The major disavantage of using a PBN. Black Hat SEO . Home. net, . There’s no point in laying down money to reserve a domain name that has been tainted by bad links, spam, or black hat SEO practices. Each article would cost you around $20-$40. Not Properly Vetting Your Domains. August 15, 2023 . On the one hand, PBN backlinks provide a seemingly effortless link-building alternative. A PBN functions by buying a bunch of high quality expired domains that already have established authority. Is PBN good for SEO? PBNs can be so effective at building these backlinks that one company experienced this difference in its rankings after working with. 9 Causes of Toxic Backlinks. 9 Causes of Toxic Backlinks. New posts New media New media comments Latest activity. 2. Because it wants to maintain it's good reputation as the #1 Search Engine In The World and spam leads to bad user satisfaction. This is likely to be an expensive solution for all but the biggest link sellers and SEO agencies; Move to the cloud; IP Reputation: Good and Bad Neighbourhoods. . Yearly cost of a single website = $30 (for 6 articles) + $20 (for hosting) = $50/yr. And if you run an SEO agency or want an enterprise-level tool, Serpstat is also on the more affordable side. You should never exchange money, goods, or services for standard follow links (links that have the potential to pass SEO value or PageRank). Since the ownership is masked they can create links to your site and they appear to search engines as organic, natural links. There was almost no keyword rich anchor and site was. But, with the help of PBN hosting accounts, it’s possible to streamline private blog network maintenance while achieving better results. However, in most cases, there is simply too much risk involved when it comes to PBN backlinks. Completely natural hosting profile for your sites. I have a new site, and it would greatly benefit from backlinks to boost the rankings. IP Diversity: One of the most significant advantages of PBN hosting is the diversity of IP addresses. txt feature through the plugin’s settings. Simply give us a domain name and content and we will do the rest. Hi guys, I`ve bought afew domains now and kinda of know what to look for when buying expired domains but. By using PBN links, you have control over your anchor texts to build a dynamic system to generate contextual links to your key landing and sales pages. To avoid a Google penalty, be sure to avoid any of the six common black hat SEO tactics listed below. HOW TO EVALUATE PBN BACKLINKS BEFORE PURCHASE ? Please check the below qualities of the PBN, it gives a good idea to make a purchase of. Go. Boost. If you exchange money, goods, or services for a link, the creator should qualify the link. Hi, I live in small country, where making PBN from expired domains that are topical revelant (and even irrevelant) is very hard. In simple terms, a 301 redirect tells the browser: “This page has moved permanently. Get Ranked 700 PBN DA50-80 Plus Gambling and Casino Poker Betting we. . They build bad blogs with the low quality content and host the sites with cheap SEO Hosting. But the question is: Are they worth building from an ROI (Return on Investment). All sites share google analytics and search console access. On one hand Google says, "Don't worry about it. Semakin banyak website yang dikelola untuk mengarahkan backlink ke situs. Black hat SEO is bad because it is an unethical practice. Here are some black hat SEO techniques to avoid. How to know a PBN link good or bad. If you're deep into SEO, you're either using a PBN yourself, or the company you've hired is using them for you as part of their services. There are some bad SEO hosting providers out there that often offer PBN hosting for dirt low prices. PBNs turnkey. SEO Expert (Specialize in On-Page SEO, Off-Page SEO & Technical SEO), and More Experience in (Email Marketing, Content Writing, Data Entry, Lead Generation, Web and Linkedin Research)PBN is a tool; it is not bad or good, it either works or not. Option 5.